Understanding Earthquake Risks: Magnitude, Energy Release, and Tsunamis

Published on: 7/5/2025

Efforts to manage earthquake risks involve prediction, forecasting, and preparedness, including seismic retrofitting and earthquake engineering to design structures that withstand shaking. The 1960 Chilean earthquake is the largest earthquake measured on a seismograph, reaching a magnitude of 9.5 on May 22, 1960. Earthquake magnitudes are logarithmic. An earthquake of magnitude 6.0 releases approximately 32 times as much energy as an earthquake of magnitude 5.0, and a magnitude 7.0 earthquake releases about 1,000 times as much energy as a magnitude 5.0 earthquake. A particularly dangerous form of slow earthquake is the tsunami earthquake, observed where relatively low felt intensities, caused by the slow propagation speed of some great earthquakes, fail to alert the population of the neighboring coast, as in the 1896 Sanriku earthquake. In the United Kingdom, for example, it has been calculated that the average recurrences are: an earthquake of 3.7–4.6 every year, an earthquake of 4.7–5.5 every 10 years, and an earthquake of 5.6 or larger every 100 years.

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